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France and Sweden have the highest fertility rates in Europe but births across the EU are less than needed to replenish the population naturally, according to Eurostat.
On the dockside in Brixham, a fishing port in southwest England, the fear is that Britain's departure from the EU may prove a false dawn for hopes of taking back control.
Already wrestling with a constantly-evolving terror threat, European intelligence agencies spy a new problem on the horizon: hundreds of jihadists due to be released from prison.
The EU has launched plans to make it easier to move troops and equipment around the bloc as Europe seeks to boost its defences in the face of the growing threat from Russia.
Turkey is still pushing to join the European Union but Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu recently said: "We have no expectations from the EU regarding membership."
France has reported a budget deficit equivalent to 2.6 percent of the economy in 2017, below the EU limit of 3.0 percent for the first time in a decade.